INTRODUCTION:

Mobile phone radiation is a non ionizing radiation refers to a variety of electromagnetic radiation it does not ionize molecules which can cause harmful radiation effects other form of non ionizing radiation includes microwave radiation and visible light

Mobile communication devices are the sources of radio frequency electromagnetic field that are common in daily life activities that can cause strong exposure to the head especially on the brain functions.

The effects of mobile phone radiation on human health is a subject of interest and study worldwide as a result of enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world as of 2018, there were 33,956,851 subscriptions worldwide, through the actual number of users is lower as many users own more than on electromagnetic radiations in the microwave range (450–2100 MH2) other digital wireless system, such as data communication networks produce similar radiation.

Health and Safety implication of exposure to electromagnetic fields in the frequency range 300 Hz to 10 MHz Interaction ecstatic and extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields with living system health effects and research needs. Bio effects induced by exposing to microwave or mitigated by superposition of ELF (noise). Role of modulation effects of microwaves on ornithine decarboxylase activity in 1929 cells. Temporally incoherent magnetic fields mitigate the response of biological system to temporarily coherent magnetic fields.

Mobile phones are used adequately increase the risk for getting brain cancer, head tumors, damage in genetic materials, burns, neurological effects (automated nervous system modulates), temperature increased, Blood Brain Barriers, Male Fertility, Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity.

Cell phones are radio transmitters that operate at microwave frequencies and work on low power less than two watts. They sent out electromagnetic energy that travels between 450 million and 2. 700million wave cycles per/second. Cell phones have frequencies between 30 peat Hertz and 30 exhorts. The brain and in skull absorb energy when cell phones are held against the year cell phone are ionizing radiation which means that they might be able to heat substance up but they are not strong enough to break molecules when they hit living tissue they cannot destroy cells harm DNA tear anything a part in the level of chemical bonds a field guide to radiation New York by penguin group.

SIGNIFICANCE:

There is a wide spread public concern about the potential adverse health effects of mobile phones and especially their associated base station. Alongside this, they are 100 of apparently conflicting reports in the media about the health effects of mobile phones.

The significant literature is large and confusing also apparently showing very inconsistent effects across study.

Studies examining the effects of RF-EMF [Radio frequency electromagnetic field) on human health should be in a clear way, for example, is there something special [in terms of health effects] about the 800-2200 MHz range.

Environmental parameters like ambient temperature, wind velocity, humidity and body insulation also affected the communication between bodies the electromagnetic field vectors.

Most concluding that there is a little evidence for adverse effects that can be attribute to mobile phone base station such as

· Royal Society of Canada, 1999

· Stewart Report, 2000

· Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers [IEEE, 2001]

· Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency [ARPANSA,2002]

· U.K. Advisory group on non ionizing radiant [2003]

· NRPB,2004

Automated assessment and tracking of human body thermal variations using unsupervised clustering. To investigate whether expression of genes related to cell death pathways are deregulated in primary cultured neurons and atrocities by exposure to a working Global System for Mobile Communication [GSM] cell phone related frequency of 1900 MHz

LITERATURE:

Cell phones are radio transmitters that operate at microwave frequencies and work on low power less than 2 Watts. They sent out electromagnetic energy that travels between 450 million and 2700 millions wave cycle for second cell phones have frequencies between 30 petaherts and 30 exhorts. The brain and the skull absorb energy when cell phone are held against the Ear. Cell phones are non ionizing radiation which means that day might be able to heat substances up but they are not strong enough to break molecular. When they hit leaving tissue the two types of radiation that are commonly differentiated in which the way they act with normal chemical substance these two types of radiation.

Cell phones have grown from a communication device to a personal essential several studies are trying to find out if they are harmful to our health. Many scientists by they don’t pose any threat to our health but they are still looking into it however when cell phones are held against the head. They do affect brain activity but the consequences are unclear a study called Inter phones observed data from there ten countries and found no presence of the head or neck tumors among adults that have been using mobile phone for more than 10 years.

The biological effect of electromagnetic fields is dielectric heating which varies with the power and the frequency of the electromagnetic energy. If the heat generated is small, the body’s thermoregulatory mechanism can dissipate it without causing adverse effects. If the temperature exceeds this capacity, about 1 to 2 degrees centigrade, tissue damage may occur. Electromagnetic fields can be considered as harmful to health. Varies devices such as radio and television broadcast stations, computer, microwave ovens, cellular phones, surveillance systems and communications satellites and navigational aids radiate electromagnetic fields has increased so rapidly and uncontrollable that the biological consequences have paced up even a faster rate.

It is well known that the EM fields penetrate deep inside the living tissue consequently the biological system get affected. It is believed that the association of electromagnetic fields increases behavioral changes and health problems such as epilepsy, leukemia, cancer, brain tumor, Parkinson’s diseases, fatigue, headache and loss of appetite, decreased blood pressure, itching and alteration in the gene expression etc.

As of 2016 there were 7.4 billion subscriptions worldwide through the actual number of users is lower as many users own more than 1 mobile phone. Mobile phone uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range (450 – 2100 MHz).

· 70% check their phones in the morning within just one hour of waking up.

· 56 % check their phones before going to bed

· 48% check their phones over the weekend

· 51% constantly check their phones during vacations

· 44% reported devil feel very anxious and irritable

The danger of walking and talking mobile phones by pedestrians cause injuries double in 5 years. Around 1500 pedestrians injured while using a mobile in 2010. Patients include boy 14 who feel 8 feet of a bridge while talking on a phone researcher warm figures will continue to uses mobile use. Mobile use increase and could double again by 2016 number of mobile phone users in India 1, 127, 373, 368 in 2016.

PRECAUTIONS:

In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that the precautionary principle would be voluntarily adopted in this case. It follows the recommendations of the European community for environmental risks. According to the WHO the precautionary principle is a risk management policy applied in circumstances with a high degree of scientific uncertainty, reflecting the need to take action for a potentially serious risk without awaiting the results of scientific research.

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES and HEALTH ADVISORIES :

· Use hands free (ear/head phones) to decrease the radiation to the head

· Keep the mobile phone away from the body

· Do not use mobile phone in a car without and external antenna

· Do not use mobile phone while they are charging

· Do not allow children to use mobile phone except in emergency

· If you have to carry a mobile phone in pocket. It is better to keep the Key Board side on your body and backside of the phone away from the body.

· Avoid week signals

· Avoid use in a moving vehicle

· Do not sleep near your mobile phone

· Pick a mobile phone with the lowest possible SAR rating (Specific Absorption Rate of Microwave radiation by human body tissues.

· Use the mobile phone only in conditions of Optimum Reception: Do not use in confined space such as an Elevator, Basement, Underground station, Caravan etc.

COMPLICATIONS:

· Pressure or Tingling in the head

· Memory loss

· Brain Tumors

· Changed brain electrical activity

· Eye problems – melanoma of the eye

· Fatigue

· Reduce melatonin

· Break in blood brain barrier

· Tumors of hearing nerve

· Impaired immune system

· Headache

· DNA damage

· Cardiovascular stress

· Sleep disorders

· Hearing impairment

· Acoustic glioma (A benign tissue growth situation in the hearing canal)

MATERIALS/METHODS:

Methodology is a systematic way to solve the research problem. A descriptive study approach to identify the knowledge among engineering college students regarding sound waves regulating system (radiation) in mobiles and its effects on health.

The Research Design selected for the present study is “Non Experimental and Descriptive Research Design”

The sample of the study is Engineering College Students age between 17 yrs – 20 yrs of Boys and Girls.

The Cluster Sampling technique was used.

The Demographic variables such as age, gender, religion, education, type of family, family income and cell phone tower works. The Dependent variable is Mobile Radiation and the Independent variable is effects on health.

The development of the tool is a Semi Structure Questionnaire are used to collect the data. Tools have been divided into two sections.

1. To assess the knowledge regarding sound waves regulating systems radiation in mobiles and its effects on health among college students also consist of 30 items and scoring for right answer is “one and for wrong answer is zero”.

2. It consists of demographic variables to obtain information.

The tool has prepared after gathered information from literature, reliability are obtained on repeated administration of the instruments the degree to which refers (or) observed operating independent assigning the same rating or observed, reliable for data collection. The investigator administered the tool to choose who were willing to participate after introducing and explaining the purpose of the study. Before starting the data collection prior consent was taken good cooperation was achieved.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE WITH DEMOGRAPHIC VARAIBLE OF ENGINEERING STUDENTS:

TABLES:

Demographic Variables	Sample (n)		Knowledge level of Respondents				Chi Square X² value	p- value
Demographic Variables	No	%	<- Median		> Median		Chi Square X² value	p- value
			No	%	No	%
1. Age (in years)
a. 17-18	64	64	25	57.14	39	75.72	5. 33* df=2,	p>0.05
b. 19-20	35	35	12	41.07	23	25.27
c. above 20	1	1	1	1.78	0	0
2. Gender
a. Male	37	37	17	32.07	20	42.55	1.17 df=1,	p>0.05
b. Female	63	63	36	67/92	27	57.44	1.17 df=1,	p>0.05
3. Religion
a. Hindu	92	92	48	88.88	44	95.65	2.21 df=2,	p>0.001
b. Christian	6	6	4	7.4	2	4.34
c. Muslim	2	2	2	3.7	0	0
4. Education
a. 1^st year	17	17	11	20	6	13.33	2.16 df=1,	p>0.05
b. 2^nd year	83	83	44	80	39	86.66	2.16 df=1,	p>0.05
5. Type of Family
a. Nuclear	66	66	34	65.38	32	66.66	1.14 df=2,	p>0.05
b. Joint	28	28	16	29.62	12	25
c. Extended	6	6	2	3.8	4	8.33
6. Family Income
a. 10,000/Month	40	40	25	40.4	15	35.33	6.53* df=2,	p>0.05
b. 20,000/Month	40	40	18	32.72	22	40.88
c. > 30,000/Month	20	20	12	21.81	8	17.77
7. How do cell phone tower work
a. Family Members	45	45	20	40.08	22	43.12	6.41* df=2,	p<0.05
b. Friends	42	42	25	38.85	22	43.12
c. Mass Media	13	13	12	18.05	3	4.3

Note: NS – Not Significant, S – Significant at *P<0.05 level, **P<0.01 level

Association of Level of Knowledge Regarding Sound Waves regulating systems (radiation) in mobiles and its effects on health among engineering students with selected demographic variables

RESULTS/DISCUSSION:

The assessment of level of knowledge regarding sound waves regulating systems (radiation) in mobiles and its effects on health. The maximum score for knowledge on introduction was 6, for knowledge on types and methods was 6, and for the knowledge on effects were 6, for the knowledge on prevention was 6, and the maximum score for overall knowledge was 30.

The range for knowledge on introduction was 2-6, for knowledge on ionizing radiation was 0-6, for the knowledge on types and methods was 1-6, and the range for overall knowledge was 11-25, the mean value for knowledge on introduction was 4.5, the standard deviation of 1. 05, mean value for knowledge on ionizing radiation was 2.09 with standard deviation of 1.23, mean value knowledge on prevention was 2.8with standard deviation of 1.22, mean value for overall knowledge was 21.88 with standard deviation of 3.30.

The mean percentage for knowledge on introduction was 75.16%, for knowledge on ionizing radiation was 49.83% for knowledge on types and methods was 59.16%, for knowledge on effects was 54. 66%, for knowledge on prevention was 46.66% and the mean percentage for overall knowledge was 56. 96 %.

The assessment of demographic variables in frequency and percentage distribution of engineering students depicted the frequency and percentage distribution of engineering college students. With regard to age majority 64 (64 %) of them belongs to 17-18 yrs, 35 (35 %) belongs to 19-20 yrs and 1 (1 %) was in above 20 years. The gender majority 63 (63 %) of them were Male, 37 % were female. In relation to 92 (92 %) belongs to Hindu, 8 (8 %) belongs to Christian and 6 % are Muslims, in education majority 83 (83 %) of them belongs to 2^nd year and 17 % were in 1^st year.

With regard to type of family majority 66 (66%) of them were belong to nuclear family 28(28%) belongs to joint family 6(6%) belong to extended family. With regard to family income 40(40%) of them belongs to 10,000/Month, 40(40%) belongs to 20,000/Month, 20(20%) were in above 30,000/Month. With regard to how do cell phone towers work majority 45(45%) of them were belongs to good 42(42%) belongs to average, 13 (13%) belongs to poor.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The investigator considered it and feels it great privilege to complete the dissertation under the consult encouragement and keen interest of certain people whom the investigator would like to acknowledge.

First of all I extend our sincere gratitude to lord almighty for the blessings, strength, wisdom and protection which enabled us to complete project successfully.

At the outset, I would like to extend my heart full thanks to Rev. Fr. Amrutha Raj, Correspondent, St. Joseph College of Nursing, Mr. Pavan, for their unending support and guidance.

I finally dedicate the thesis to my beloved parents, husband and my daughter.

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Received on 08.08.2018 Modified on 20.08.2018

Int. J. Nur. Edu. and Research. 2019; 7(1):71-75.

DOI: 10.5958/2454-2660.2019.00014.0